原文：Spring 团队（无个人署名），Securing a Web Application。本文依据 2026 年 10 月 5 日读取的完整指南翻译整理，保留 Java、Kotlin 及 Gradle、Maven 两套示例。代码按 Apache License 2.0 发布，原指南文字采用 CC BY-ND 3.0；Copyright © 2005–2026 Broadcom。
这篇指南从一个任何人都能打开的 Spring MVC 网站开始，为问候页加入登录要求。完成后，首页仍可匿名访问，访问受保护页面时会先进入登录表单，登录成功后回到原先要访问的页面。用户信息暂存在内存中，目的是把认证过程讲清楚。
准备项目，并先确认版本
原指南预计约 15 分钟，需要编辑器或 IDE、Java 17 或更高版本，以及 Gradle 或 Maven。可以使用 Spring Tool Suite、IntelliJ IDEA 或 VS Code。可以从零开始，也可以下载或克隆 示例仓库，进入 gs-securing-web/initial，直接从下一节做起；完成后与 complete 目录比较。
git clone https://github.com/spring-guides/gs-securing-web.git
cd gs-securing-web/initial版本核对：源页页首仍写 Gradle 7.5+、Maven 3.5+，但当前 Java 构建示例已经使用 Spring Boot 4.0.8，Kotlin 示例为 4.0.0。这些数字不是一套已经统一验证的配置。不要把旧页首要求与 Boot 4 配置混用；应采用所选项目的 wrapper，并核对对应版本的系统要求。核验当日的 Spring Boot 当前系统要求页面是 4.1.1，列出 Maven 3.6.3+、Gradle 8.14+ 的 8.x 或 9.x；这只是核对线索，不能替代目标 4.0.x 的版本说明。下面保留源页代码版本，未执行构建。
从零创建时，打开 Spring Initializr，选择构建工具和语言，加入 Spring Web 与 Thymeleaf，点击 Generate，下载并解压项目。支持 Initializr 的 IDE 也可以直接完成这一步；熟悉 GitHub 的读者可以 fork 示例仓库，再用本地编辑器打开。
先建立不需要认证的页面
首页模板保存为 src/main/resources/templates/home.html。其中的 Thymeleaf 链接会指向 /hello。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<title>Spring Security Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>Click <a th:href="@{/hello}">here</a> to see a greeting.</p>
</body>
</html>问候页保存为 src/main/resources/templates/hello.html：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<title>Hello World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Hello world!</h1>
</body>
</html>Spring MVC 还需要把 URL 路径映射到模板。在 com.example.securingweb 包中创建 MvcConfig，实现 WebMvcConfigurer 并覆盖 addViewControllers()。下面分别是 Java 和 Kotlin 写法，实际项目只选与项目语言对应的一套。
package com.example.securingweb;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer;
@Configuration
class MvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {
@Override
public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
registry.addViewController("/home").setViewName("home");
registry.addViewController("/").setViewName("home");
registry.addViewController("/hello").setViewName("hello");
registry.addViewController("/login").setViewName("login");
}
}package com.example.securingweb
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ViewControllerRegistry
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer
@Configuration
class MvcConfig : WebMvcConfigurer {
override fun addViewControllers(registry: ViewControllerRegistry) {
registry.addViewController("/home").setViewName("home")
registry.addViewController("/").setViewName("home")
registry.addViewController("/hello").setViewName("hello")
registry.addViewController("/login").setViewName("login")
}
}/ 和 /home 都使用 home 视图；/hello 使用 hello；/login 使用下一节将创建的 login 视图。此时尚未加入安全限制，访问问候页不需要登录。
加入 Spring Security 依赖
希望只有认证过的用户可以看到 /hello，就需要把 Spring Security 加入 classpath，并配置认证规则。Spring Boot 会为检测到的安全依赖提供默认安全配置；下面通过自己的过滤器链明确使用表单登录，而不依赖默认行为。Thymeleaf 的安全扩展用于显示当前用户名，安全测试依赖为后续编写测试提供支持。
Gradle Groovy 配置添加：
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security'
implementation 'org.thymeleaf.extras:thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6'
testImplementation 'org.springframework.security:spring-security-test'Gradle Kotlin DSL 配置添加：
implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security")
implementation("org.thymeleaf.extras:thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6")
testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security-test")源文给出的完整 build.gradle 如下。其中测试依赖同时列出 spring-security-test 与 Boot 安全测试 starter；这是源文现状，不代表需要手工重复加入所有依赖。
plugins {
id 'java'
id 'org.springframework.boot' version '4.0.8'
id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version '1.1.7'
}
group = 'com.example'
version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'
java {
toolchain {
languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(17)
}
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webmvc'
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf'
implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security'
implementation 'org.thymeleaf.extras:thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6'
testImplementation 'org.springframework.security:spring-security-test'
testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security-test'
testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webmvc-test'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}以下是源文的完整 build.gradle.kts，其中还包含 Kotlin 插件、反射库和编译器参数：
plugins {
id("org.springframework.boot") version "4.0.0"
id("io.spring.dependency-management") version "1.1.7"
kotlin("jvm") version "2.2.21"
kotlin("plugin.spring") version "2.2.21"
}
group = "com.example"
version = "0.0.1-SNAPSHOT"
java {
toolchain {
languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(17)
}
}
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webmvc")
implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf")
implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-reflect")
implementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security")
implementation("org.thymeleaf.extras:thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6")
testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-security-test")
testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")
testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-webmvc-test")
}
kotlin {
compilerOptions {
freeCompilerArgs.addAll("-Xjsr305=strict", "-Xannotation-default-target=param-property")
}
}
tasks.withType<Test> {
useJUnitPlatform()
}使用 Maven 时，在 pom.xml 的 dependencies 下加入安全 starter、Thymeleaf 安全扩展和测试 starter。原文此处称“两项”，实际代码列出三项，本文按代码说明。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
<artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>完整 Maven 配置：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>4.0.8</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>securing-web-complete</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<properties>
<java.version>17</java.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webmvc</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupId>
<artifactId>thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-webmvc-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>定义路径规则、密码编码器和内存用户
WebSecurityConfig 配置类打开 Web 安全支持，并提供过滤器链、密码编码器和用户查询服务。原文描述曾写“两个 bean”，当前示例实际包含三个。
package com.example.securingweb;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configurers.LogoutConfigurer;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.provisioning.InMemoryUserDetailsManager;
import org.springframework.security.web.SecurityFilterChain;
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class WebSecurityConfig {
@Bean
SecurityFilterChain securityFilterChain(HttpSecurity http) {
// @formatter:off
http
.authorizeHttpRequests((requests) -> requests
.requestMatchers("/", "/home").permitAll()
.anyRequest().authenticated()
)
.formLogin((form) -> form
.loginPage("/login")
.permitAll()
)
.logout(LogoutConfigurer::permitAll);
// @formatter:on
return http.build();
}
@Bean
PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
}
@Bean
UserDetailsService userDetailsService(PasswordEncoder encoder) {
String password = encoder.encode("password");
UserDetails user = User.withUsername("user").password(password).roles("USER").build();
return new InMemoryUserDetailsManager(user);
}
}Kotlin 版本使用 Spring Security Kotlin DSL。它在用户服务内部重新创建 BCrypt 编码器，而 Java 版本注入已经声明的 PasswordEncoder；本文保留这一原文差异。
package com.example.securingweb
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.invoke
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder
import org.springframework.security.provisioning.InMemoryUserDetailsManager
import org.springframework.security.web.SecurityFilterChain
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class WebSecurityConfig {
@Bean
fun securityFilterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
http {
// Kotlin security extensions allow concise DSL instead of builder-style lambdas
authorizeHttpRequests {
authorize("/", permitAll)
authorize("/home", permitAll)
authorize(anyRequest, authenticated)
}
formLogin {
loginPage = "/login"
permitAll()
}
logout {
permitAll()
}
}
return http.build()
}
@Bean
fun passwordEncoder(): PasswordEncoder {
return BCryptPasswordEncoder()
}
@Bean
fun userDetailsService(): UserDetailsService {
val encoder = BCryptPasswordEncoder()
val user = User.builder()
.username("user")
.password(encoder.encode("password"))
.roles("USER")
.build()
return InMemoryUserDetailsManager(user)
}
}SecurityFilterChain 将 / 与 /home 设为 permitAll()，其他请求要求 authenticated()。formLogin() 指定自定义登录页 /login，并允许未登录用户访问登录流程；退出登录也允许访问。登录成功后，安全框架通常把用户带回先前请求的受保护地址。
UserDetailsService 返回一个 InMemoryUserDetailsManager。示例用户的用户名是 user，密码是 password，角色为 USER；密码交给 BCrypt 编码后再存入内存用户对象。
安全边界：这个固定的弱密码是公开教学凭据，不是泄露的真实密钥。即使使用 BCrypt，也不能把 user/password 带入对外系统。内存账户没有持久化注册、重置密码、账号禁用或多因素认证能力。生产项目必须另行设计账户存储、权限粒度、速率限制、会话寿命及 HTTPS；这篇指南并未提供这些能力。不要为了让演示“能用”而关闭 CSRF 保护。
编写登录与退出表单
在 src/main/resources/templates/login.html 中放入以下模板。用户名和密码输入框的 name 分别是 username、password，表单通过 POST 提交到 /login。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<title>Spring Security Example </title>
</head>
<body>
<div th:if="${param.error}">
Invalid username and password.
</div>
<div th:if="${param.logout}">
You have been logged out.
</div>
<form th:action="@{/login}" method="post">
<div><label> User Name : <input type="text" name="username"/> </label></div>
<div><label> Password: <input type="password" name="password"/> </label></div>
<div><input type="submit" value="Sign In"/></div>
</form>
</body>
</html>登录请求由 Spring Security 的过滤器拦截并认证，无须自己为登录提交再写 MVC 控制器。认证失败时返回 /login?error，模板据此显示错误；成功退出后返回 /login?logout，显示退出提示。采用 Thymeleaf 与 Spring Security 正确集成的表单时，应保留框架生成的 CSRF 令牌；不能把示例直接改成无令牌的裸 HTML 提交。
更新 hello.html，通过 sec:authentication="name" 读取当前认证用户的名字，并增加 POST 到 /logout 的退出表单。
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org"
xmlns:sec="https://www.thymeleaf.org/thymeleaf-extras-springsecurity6">
<head>
<title>Hello World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1 th:inline="text">Hello <span th:remove="tag" sec:authentication="name">thymeleaf</span>!</h1>
<form th:action="@{/logout}" method="post">
<input type="submit" value="Sign Out"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>这里使用模板引擎的标准文本输出，不把用户名拼接为任意 HTML。退出操作结束后，用户会回到登录页；此时再次访问受保护页面，应重新认证。
启动应用与核对完整流程
Initializr 已生成应用入口，这里不需要额外修改。Java 入口如下：
package com.example.securingweb;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
@SpringBootApplication
class SecuringWebApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(SecuringWebApplication.class, args);
}
}Kotlin 入口如下：
package com.example.securingweb
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.boot.runApplication
@SpringBootApplication
class SecuringWebApplication
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApplication<SecuringWebApplication>(*args)
}Gradle 项目可以使用 ./gradlew bootRun 启动，或先执行 ./gradlew build，再运行打包出的 JAR。原文示例命令为：
java -jar build/libs/gs-securing-web-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jarMaven 项目可以使用 ./mvnw spring-boot:run；或者执行 ./mvnw clean package 后运行：
java -jar target/gs-securing-web-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar命令核对：原 Maven 的 artifactId 为 securing-web-complete，而上述命令使用 gs-securing-web，实际文件名必须以生成的 target 或 build/libs 目录为准。Windows 使用相应的 mvnw.cmd 或 gradlew.bat。clean 会清理本项目构建输出；wrapper 及构建插件可能下载依赖并执行构建逻辑，只应对已审查的项目运行。本文未运行这些命令。
在你自己的隔离开发环境启动后，打开 http://localhost:8080。预期先看到首页；点击问候页链接时，未认证会进入登录页。输入演示凭据 user/password 后，应回到问候页并看到用户名。点击 Sign Out，应回到带退出提示的登录页。若直接进入问候页，检查是否还停留在“未加入安全配置”的阶段。还应核对错误密码路径、退出后重新访问以及表单令牌处理；这些是读者需要完成的验证步骤，本文不声称已经实测。
继续阅读
这套示例完整展示了公开首页、受保护资源、表单认证和退出之间的关系。继续扩展前，可阅读 Building an Application with Spring Boot、Serving Web Content with Spring MVC 以及原指南链接的 Spring Security and Angular JS 教程。指南贡献说明见 Spring Guides。
原始版权与许可
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