本指南带你了解使用 Spring 访问关系型数据的过程。
你将构建什么 你将构建一个应用,使用 Spring 的 JdbcTemplate 访问关系型数据库中保存的数据。
你需要什么 约15分钟。 喜欢的文本编辑器或 IDE。 Java 17 或更新版本。 Gradle 7.5+ 或 Maven 3.5+。 也可以直接把代码导入 IDE:Spring Tool Suite(STS)、IntelliJ IDEA 或 VSCode。相应指南链接见文末。
如何完成本指南 和大多数 Spring 入门指南一样,你可以从零开始完成每一步,也可以跳过已经熟悉的基本设置。两条路径最终都会得到可工作的代码。
从零开始,请进入“从 Spring Initializr 开始”一节。
若要跳过基础步骤:
下载并解压本指南的源码仓库,或者使用 Git 克隆:git clone https://github.com/spring-guides/gs-relational-data-access.git。 用 cd 进入 gs-relational-data-access/initial。 直接进入“创建 Customer 类”一节。 完成后,可以把结果与 gs-relational-data-access/complete 中的代码对照。
从 Spring Initializr 开始 你可以使用原文中的预初始化项目 ,点击 Generate 下载 ZIP。该项目已按教程示例配置。
项目入口: 链接先打开官方教程,再点击其中的预初始化项目链接。也可在 Spring Initializr 手工选择同一配置:Gradle 项目(type=gradle-project)、Java(language=java)、Java 17(jvmVersion=17)、JAR(packaging=jar),Group 为 com.example、Artifact 为 relational-data-access、Package name 为 com.example.relationaldataaccess,依赖为 JDBC API 与 H2 Database(dependencies=jdbc,h2)。
若要手动初始化:
打开 https://start.spring.io 。它会加入应用所需依赖,完成大多数设置。 选择 Gradle 或 Maven,以及你希望使用的语言。 点击 Dependencies,选择 JDBC API 和 H2 Database。 点击 Generate。 下载生成的 ZIP,它是按所选配置创建的 Web 应用归档。
创建 Customer 类 接下来实现的简单数据访问逻辑,会管理客户的名和姓。为在应用层表示这些数据,创建 Customer 类,如下所示。
Java package com.example.relationaldataaccess;
public record Customer(long id, String firstName, String lastName) {
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format(
"Customer[id=%d, firstName='%s', lastName='%s']",
id, firstName, lastName);
}
}Kotlin package com.example.relationaldataaccess
data class Customer(
val id: Long,
val firstName: String,
val lastName: String
) {
override fun toString(): String =
"Customer[id=$id, firstName='$firstName', lastName='$lastName']"
}
保存和检索数据 Spring 提供名为 JdbcTemplate 的模板类,简化 SQL 关系型数据库和 JDBC 的使用。大量 JDBC 代码陷在资源获取、连接管理、异常处理以及与业务目标无关的一般错误检查中。JdbcTemplate 会处理这些工作,你只需关注当前任务。以下类通过 JDBC 保存和检索数据。
Java package com.example.relationaldataaccess;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
@SpringBootApplication
public class RelationalDataAccessApplication implements CommandLineRunner {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RelationalDataAccessApplication.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RelationalDataAccessApplication.class, args);
}
private final JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate;
public RelationalDataAccessApplication(JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate) {
this.jdbcTemplate = jdbcTemplate;
}
@Override
public void run(String... strings) throws Exception {
log.info("Creating tables");
jdbcTemplate.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customers");
jdbcTemplate.execute("CREATE TABLE customers(" +
"id SERIAL, first_name VARCHAR(255), last_name VARCHAR(255))");
// Split up the array of whole names into an array of first/last names
List<Object[]> splitUpNames = Stream.of("John Woo", "Jeff Dean", "Josh Bloch", "Josh Long")
.map(name -> name.split(" "))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
// Use a Java 8 stream to print out each tuple of the list
splitUpNames.forEach(name -> log.info("Inserting customer record for {} {}", name[0], name[1]));
// Use JdbcTemplate's batchUpdate operation to bulk load data
jdbcTemplate.batchUpdate("INSERT INTO customers(first_name, last_name) VALUES (?,?)", splitUpNames);
log.info("Querying for customer records where first_name = 'Josh':");
jdbcTemplate.query(
"SELECT id, first_name, last_name FROM customers WHERE first_name = ?",
(rs, rowNum) -> new Customer(rs.getLong("id"), rs.getString("first_name"), rs.getString("last_name")), "Josh")
.forEach(customer -> log.info(customer.toString()));
}
}Kotlin package com.example.relationaldataaccess
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory
import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication
import org.springframework.boot.runApplication
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.query
private val log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RelationalDataAccessApplication::class.java)
@SpringBootApplication
class RelationalDataAccessApplication(
private val jdbcTemplate: JdbcTemplate) : CommandLineRunner {
override fun run(vararg args: String) {
log.info("Creating tables")
jdbcTemplate.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customers")
jdbcTemplate.execute(
"""
CREATE TABLE customers(
id SERIAL,
first_name VARCHAR(255),
last_name VARCHAR(255)
)
""".trimIndent())
// Split up the array of whole names into an array of first/last names
val splitUpNames = listOf("John Woo", "Jeff Dean", "Josh Bloch", "Josh Long")
.map { it.split(" ").toTypedArray() }
// Use Kotlin collection functions to print out each tuple of the list
splitUpNames.forEach { name ->
log.info("Inserting customer record for {} {}", name[0], name[1])
}
// Use JdbcTemplate's batchUpdate operation to bulk load data
jdbcTemplate.batchUpdate("INSERT INTO customers(first_name, last_name) VALUES (?,?)", splitUpNames)
log.info("Querying for customer records where first_name = 'Josh':")
// Import .query() Kotlin extension that allows varargs before lambda to enable trailing lambda syntax
jdbcTemplate.query("SELECT id, first_name, last_name FROM customers WHERE first_name = ?", "Josh")
{ rs, _ ->
Customer(
rs.getLong("id"),
rs.getString("first_name"),
rs.getString("last_name")
)
}
.forEach { customer ->
log.info(customer.toString())
}
}
}
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
runApplication<RelationalDataAccessApplication>(*args)
}
@SpringBootApplication 是便捷注解,组合了以下功能:
@Configuration:把类标记为应用上下文中 bean 定义的来源。@EnableAutoConfiguration:根据类路径设置、其他 bean 和各项属性设置,告诉 Spring Boot 开始添加 bean。@ComponentScan:让 Spring 在 com.example.relationaldataaccess 包中查找其他组件、配置和服务。本例没有这些额外对象。main() 使用 Spring Boot 的 SpringApplication.run() 启动应用。
Spring Boot 支持 H2,也就是内存关系型数据库引擎,并自动创建连接。由于使用 spring-jdbc,Spring Boot 会自动创建 JdbcTemplate。原文接着说明,@Autowired JdbcTemplate 字段会自动加载该对象,使之可用。
应用类实现 Spring Boot 的 CommandLineRunner,意味着应用上下文加载后会执行 run()。
首先,使用 JdbcTemplate 的 execute 方法执行一些 DDL。
其次,把字符串列表拆成名与姓的组合:Java 使用流,Kotlin 使用集合函数。
然后,用 JdbcTemplate 的 batchUpdate 向新建表加入记录。第一个参数是查询字符串;最后一个参数,也就是 Object 实例数组,保存用来替换查询中 ? 位置的变量。
最后,使用 query 在表中检索满足条件的记录。再次通过 ? 创建查询参数,并在调用时传入实际值。原文说明,最后一个参数是 Java 8 lambda,用于把每个结果行转换为新 Customer 对象。
API 使用说明 上述代码保持官方原样。当前 Java 和 Kotlin 示例均通过构造器注入 JdbcTemplate,并没有 @Autowired 字段。JdbcTemplate 官方 API 提供 update 执行单条 INSERT,并没有原文所称的 insert 方法;该名称不应复制为 API 调用。Java 示例中的行映射 lambda 位于参数 "Josh" 之前,Kotlin 示例采用尾随 lambda。描述与源码有差异时,应按实际重载签名阅读。
示例包含 DROP TABLE IF EXISTS customers ,会删除同名表,练习时应使用独立的示例数据库。
构建可执行 JAR 可以从命令行通过 Gradle 或 Maven 运行应用,也可以构建包含全部依赖、类和资源的单个可执行 JAR,然后运行它。可执行 JAR 便于在开发生命周期中、不同环境间,把服务作为应用交付、管理版本和部署。
使用 Gradle 时,可运行 ./gradlew bootRun。也可以用 ./gradlew build 构建 JAR,再这样运行:
java -jar build/libs/gs-relational-data-access-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar使用 Maven 时,可运行 ./mvnw spring-boot:run。也可以用 ./mvnw clean package 构建 JAR,再这样运行:
java -jar target/gs-relational-data-access-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar原文给出的预期输出如下:
2019-09-26 13:46:58.561 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Creating tables
2019-09-26 13:46:58.564 INFO 47569 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Starting...
2019-09-26 13:46:58.708 INFO 47569 --- [ main] com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource : HikariPool-1 - Start completed.
2019-09-26 13:46:58.809 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Inserting customer record for John Woo
2019-09-26 13:46:58.810 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Inserting customer record for Jeff Dean
2019-09-26 13:46:58.810 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Inserting customer record for Josh Bloch
2019-09-26 13:46:58.810 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Inserting customer record for Josh Long
2019-09-26 13:46:58.825 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Querying for customer records where first_name = 'Josh':
2019-09-26 13:46:58.835 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Customer[id=3, firstName='Josh', lastName='Bloch']
2019-09-26 13:46:58.835 INFO 47569 --- [ main] c.e.r.RelationalDataAccessApplication : Customer[id=4, firstName='Josh', lastName='Long']
总结 恭喜,你已经使用 Spring 开发了一个简单 JDBC 客户端。
另请参阅 以下指南也可能有帮助:
使用 JPA 访问数据。 使用 MongoDB 访问数据。 使用 GemFire 访问数据。 使用 Neo4j 访问数据。 使用 MySQL 访问数据。 使用 Spring Boot 构建应用。 希望编写新指南或为已有指南贡献内容?请查看贡献指南。对应链接完整保留在下方。
原文:Accessing Relational Data using JDBC with Spring ,Spring Getting Started Guides,Spring 团队。本文为中文译文,Java、Kotlin 代码及命令保留原样,另附 API 使用说明。官方声明:全部指南的代码按 Apache License 2.0 发布,文字按 Creative Commons Attribution, NoDerivatives 许可发布。本文经另行授权翻译;代码许可和版权保留。
原文参考链接 Apache License 2.0:代码许可全文
Apache License
Version 2.0, January 2004
http://www.apache.org/licenses/
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
1. Definitions.
"License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
"Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
the copyright owner that is granting the License.
"Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
"control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
"You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
exercising permissions granted by this License.
"Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
including but not limited to software source code, documentation
source, and configuration files.
"Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
and conversions to other media types.
"Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
(an example is provided in the Appendix below).
"Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
"Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
"Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
subsequently incorporated within the Work.
2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
(except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
as of the date such litigation is filed.
4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
meet the following conditions:
(a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
(b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that You changed the files; and
(c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
the Derivative Works; and
(d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
as modifying the License.
You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
the conditions stated in this License.
5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
the brackets!) The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
identification within third-party archives.
Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Copyright © 2005–2026 Broadcom. All Rights Reserved.
暂无评论内容