vLLM 的并行推理与扩展

单个模型副本的分布式推理策略

为单个模型副本选择分布式推理策略时,可以采用以下原则:

  • 单 GPU(不使用分布式推理):如果模型能装入单张 GPU,通常没有必要分布式推理,直接在该 GPU 上运行即可。
  • 单节点多 GPU,采用张量并行:如果模型超过单张 GPU 容量,但能装入同一节点的多张 GPU,使用张量并行。例如,节点有四张 GPU 时设 tensor_parallel_size=4。
  • 多节点多 GPU,结合张量并行与流水线并行:如果模型超过单节点容量,把 tensor_parallel_size 设为每节点 GPU 数,pipeline_parallel_size 设为节点数。例如两个节点、每节点八张 GPU,设 tensor_parallel_size=8、pipeline_parallel_size=2。

逐步增加 GPU 和节点,直到 GPU 显存足以容纳模型;张量并行规模对应每节点 GPU 数,流水线并行规模对应节点数。

准备足够资源后运行 vllm,查找类似日志:

INFO 07-23 13:56:04 [kv_cache_utils.py:775] GPU KV cache size: 643,232 tokens
INFO 07-23 13:56:04 [kv_cache_utils.py:779] Maximum concurrency for 40,960 tokens per request: 15.70x

GPU KV cache size 表示 GPU KV 缓存同时能够保存的 token 总数。Maximum concurrency 估计当每个请求需要指定 token 数时,可以同时服务多少请求,本例每请求为 40,960 token。该数值来自模型配置的最大序列长度 ModelConfig.max_model_len。如果这些数值低于吞吐需求,应为集群增加 GPU 或节点。

混合专家(MoE)模型的分布式服务

利用专家本身的并行性、为专家层采用单独的并行策略,往往更有利。vLLM 支持大规模部署,把注意力层的数据并行与 MoE 层的专家并行或张量并行结合起来。详情见数据并行部署。

单节点部署

vLLM 支持分布式张量并行和流水线并行推理及服务,其中实现了 Megatron-LM 的张量并行算法。

多节点推理默认使用 Ray,单节点默认使用 Python 原生 multiprocessing。可在 LLM 类中设置 distributed_executor_backend,或在 API 服务器使用 --distributed-executor-backend 覆盖默认值;mp 表示 multiprocessing,ray 表示 Ray。

多 GPU 推理时,把 LLM 中的 tensor_parallel_size 设为 GPU 数。例如四张 GPU:

from vllm import LLM
llm = LLM("facebook/opt-13b", tensor_parallel_size=4)
output = llm.generate("San Francisco is a")

多 GPU 服务时,在启动命令中加入 --tensor-parallel-size。四张 GPU 的 API 服务器:

vllm serve facebook/opt-13b \
     --tensor-parallel-size 4

加入 --pipeline-parallel-size 可启用流水线并行。下面结合两种并行方式,使用共八张 GPU:

# Eight GPUs total
vllm serve gpt2 \
     --tensor-parallel-size 4 \
     --pipeline-parallel-size 2

多节点部署

单节点没有足够 GPU 容纳模型时,应跨节点部署 vLLM。每个节点都要有相同执行环境,包括模型路径和 Python 包。推荐容器镜像,因为它们便于保持环境一致,并隐藏宿主机差异。

什么是 Ray?

Ray 是用于扩展 Python 程序的分布式计算框架,可以作为多节点 vLLM 的运行引擎。vLLM 用它管理跨节点任务执行,并控制任务在哪个节点运行。

Ray 还提供大规模离线批量推理和在线服务的高层 API,以 vLLM 为引擎,为工作负载增加面向生产的容错、扩展和分布式可观测能力。

Ray 是可选依赖,使用基于 Ray 的执行方式之前,需要显式安装:

pip install "ray[cgraph]"

详情见 Ray 文档。

使用容器设置 Ray 集群

辅助脚本 examples/ray_serving/run_cluster.sh 会在各节点启动容器并初始化 Ray。默认无管理权限运行 Docker,因此性能分析或追踪时无法访问 GPU 性能计数器。要启用管理权限,在 Docker 命令中加入 --cap-add=CAP_SYS_ADMIN。

选择一个节点作为头节点,运行:

bash run_cluster.sh \
                vllm/vllm-openai \
                <HEAD_NODE_IP> \
                --head \
                /path/to/the/huggingface/home/in/this/node \
                -e VLLM_HOST_IP=<HEAD_NODE_IP>

每个工作节点运行:

bash run_cluster.sh \
                vllm/vllm-openai \
                <HEAD_NODE_IP> \
                --worker \
                /path/to/the/huggingface/home/in/this/node \
                -e VLLM_HOST_IP=<WORKER_NODE_IP>

每个工作节点的 VLLM_HOST_IP 都必须不同。保持执行命令的 shell 打开,关闭任何一个都会终止集群。确保各节点可以通过 IP 相互通信。

从任一节点进入容器,运行 ray status 和 ray list nodes,核对发现的节点与 GPU 数是否符合预期。

在 Ray 集群中运行 vLLM

集群启动后,可以像单节点一样使用 vLLM。Ray 集群的全部资源对 vLLM 可见,因此在一个节点执行一个 vllm 命令即可。

通常把张量并行规模设为每节点 GPU 数,把流水线并行规模设为节点数。例如两个节点、共16张 GPU、每节点八张:

vllm serve /path/to/the/model/in/the/container \
    --tensor-parallel-size 8 \
    --pipeline-parallel-size 2 \
    --distributed-executor-backend ray

也可以把 tensor_parallel_size 设为集群 GPU 总数:

vllm serve /path/to/the/model/in/the/container \
     --tensor-parallel-size 16 \
     --distributed-executor-backend ray

使用 MultiProcessing 运行 vLLM

除 Ray 外,多节点部署也可用 multiprocessing 作为运行引擎。以下示例跨两个节点、每节点八张 GPU,设置 tp_size=8、pp_size=2。

选择一个头节点运行:

vllm serve /path/to/the/model/in/the/container \
  --tensor-parallel-size 8 --pipeline-parallel-size 2 \
  --nnodes 2 --node-rank 0 \
  --master-addr <HEAD_NODE_IP>

在另一个工作节点运行:

vllm serve /path/to/the/model/in/the/container \
  --tensor-parallel-size 8 --pipeline-parallel-size 2 \
  --nnodes 2 --node-rank 1 \
  --master-addr <HEAD_NODE_IP> --headless

优化张量并行的网络通信

高效的张量并行需要快速的节点间通信,最好使用 InfiniBand 等高速网络适配器。为集群启用 InfiniBand,可向 run_cluster.sh 增加 --privileged -e NCCL_IB_HCA=mlx5 等参数。所需参数详情应咨询系统管理员。

启用 GPUDirect RDMA

GPUDirect RDMA(远程直接内存访问)是 NVIDIA 的技术,允许网络适配器直接访问 GPU 显存,绕过 CPU 和系统内存。这会降低延迟与 CPU 开销,有利于跨节点 GPU 间的大规模传输。

要配合 vLLM 启用它,应配置:

  • IPC_LOCK 安全上下文:为容器增加该 capability,锁定内存页,防止交换到磁盘。
  • /dev/shm 共享内存:在 Pod 配置中挂载它,提供进程间通信(IPC)共享内存。

Docker 容器示例:

docker run --gpus all \
    --ipc=host \
    --shm-size=16G \
    -v /dev/shm:/dev/shm \
    vllm/vllm-openai

Kubernetes Pod 配置示例:

...
spec:
  containers:
    - name: vllm
      image: vllm/vllm-openai
      securityContext:
        capabilities:
          add: ["IPC_LOCK"]
      volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /dev/shm
          name: dshm
      resources:
        limits:
          nvidia.com/gpu: 8
        requests:
          nvidia.com/gpu: 8
  volumes:
    - name: dshm
      emptyDir:
        medium: Memory
...

分布式部署故障排查

分布式调试详情见分布式部署故障排查。

来源:vLLM 团队,Parallelism and Scaling。官方 latest 文档的中文翻译,示例源码保留;项目采用 Apache License 2.0。

原项目许可文本
                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/

   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION

   1. Definitions.

      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.

      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
      the copyright owner that is granting the License.

      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.

      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
      exercising permissions granted by this License.

      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
      source, and configuration files.

      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
      and conversions to other media types.

      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).

      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.

      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."

      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
      subsequently incorporated within the Work.

   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.

   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
      as of the date such litigation is filed.

   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
      meet the following conditions:

      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and

      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
          stating that You changed the files; and

      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
          the Derivative Works; and

      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
          as modifying the License.

      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
      the conditions stated in this License.

   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.

   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.

   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.

   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.

   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.

      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
      identification within third-party archives.

   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]

   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   You may obtain a copy of the License at

       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   limitations under the License.

© 版权声明
THE END
喜欢就支持一下吧
点赞0 分享
评论 抢沙发

请登录后发表评论

    暂无评论内容