以 Hub 为后端,在 Hugging Face 上进行向量搜索

以 Hub 为后端,在 Hugging Face 上进行向量搜索

Open In Colab

Hugging Face Hub上的数据集使用Parquet文件。DuckDB是快速的内存数据库系统,可以直接与这些文件交互。它提供向量相似度搜索,既可以使用索引,也可以不使用索引。

安装依赖

!pip install datasets duckdb sentence-transformers model2vec -q

为数据集生成嵌入向量

首先,需要为待搜索的数据集生成嵌入向量。本例使用sentence-transformers库。

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from sentence_transformers.models import StaticEmbedding

static_embedding = StaticEmbedding.from_model2vec("minishlab/potion-base-8M")
model = SentenceTransformer(modules=[static_embedding])

然后,从Hub加载ai-blueprint/fineweb-bbc-news数据集。

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("ai-blueprint/fineweb-bbc-news")

接下来可以生成嵌入向量。通常,为了避免精度损失,可能需要把数据切分成较小的片段;本例直接为数据集的完整文本生成嵌入向量。

def create_embeddings(batch):
    embeddings = model.encode(batch["text"], convert_to_numpy=True)
    batch["embeddings"] = embeddings.tolist()
    return batch


ds = ds.map(create_embeddings, batched=True)

现在可以把包含嵌入向量的数据集上传回Hub。

ds.push_to_hub("ai-blueprint/fineweb-bbc-news-embeddings")

在 Hugging Face Hub 上进行向量搜索

现在可以使用duckdb对数据集执行向量搜索,有索引和无索引两种方式。无索引搜索较慢,但更精确;有索引搜索较快,但精度较低。

不使用索引

无索引搜索可以通过duckdb库连接数据集并执行向量搜索。这一操作比较慢,但对于较小的数据集,例如大约10万行以内,通常仍足够快。本例查询数据集时会相对慢一些。

import duckdb
from typing import List


def similarity_search_without_duckdb_index(
    query: str,
    k: int = 5,
    dataset_name: str = "ai-blueprint/fineweb-bbc-news-embeddings",
    embedding_column: str = "embeddings",
):
    # Use same model as used for indexing
    query_vector = model.encode(query)
    embedding_dim = model.get_sentence_embedding_dimension()

    sql = f"""
        SELECT 
            *,
            array_cosine_distance(
                {embedding_column}::float[{embedding_dim}], 
                {query_vector.tolist()}::float[{embedding_dim}]
            ) as distance
        FROM 'hf://datasets/{dataset_name}/**/*.parquet'
        ORDER BY distance
        LIMIT {k}
    """
    return duckdb.sql(sql).to_df()


similarity_search_without_duckdb_index("What is the future of AI?")

使用索引

此方法会先创建数据集的本地副本,再基于它建立索引。这带来少量前期开销,但索引建立完成后,搜索速度会显著提高。

import duckdb


def _setup_vss():
    duckdb.sql(
        query="""
        INSTALL vss;
        LOAD vss;
        """
    )


def _drop_table(table_name):
    duckdb.sql(
        query=f"""
        DROP TABLE IF EXISTS {table_name};
        """
    )


def _create_table(dataset_name, table_name, embedding_column):
    duckdb.sql(
        query=f"""
        CREATE TABLE {table_name} AS 
        SELECT *, {embedding_column}::float[{model.get_sentence_embedding_dimension()}] as {embedding_column}_float 
        FROM 'hf://datasets/{dataset_name}/**/*.parquet';
        """
    )


def _create_index(table_name, embedding_column):
    duckdb.sql(
        query=f"""
        CREATE INDEX my_hnsw_index ON {table_name} USING HNSW ({embedding_column}_float) WITH (metric = 'cosine');
        """
    )


def create_index(dataset_name, table_name, embedding_column):
    _setup_vss()
    _drop_table(table_name)
    _create_table(dataset_name, table_name, embedding_column)
    _create_index(table_name, embedding_column)


create_index(
    dataset_name="ai-blueprint/fineweb-bbc-news-embeddings",
    table_name="fineweb_bbc_news_embeddings",
    embedding_column="embeddings",
)

现在可以通过索引执行向量搜索,并迅速返回结果。

def similarity_search_with_duckdb_index(
    query: str, k: int = 5, table_name: str = "fineweb_bbc_news_embeddings", embedding_column: str = "embeddings"
):
    embedding = model.encode(query).tolist()
    return duckdb.sql(
        query=f"""
        SELECT *, array_cosine_distance({embedding_column}_float, {embedding}::FLOAT[{model.get_sentence_embedding_dimension()}]) as distance 
        FROM {table_name}
        ORDER BY distance 
        LIMIT {k};
    """
    ).to_df()


similarity_search_with_duckdb_index("What is the future of AI?")

原作者在该示例中报告,查询响应时间由30秒缩短到不足1秒;无需部署重量级向量搜索引擎,存储则由Hub承担。

结语

本例展示了使用duckdb在Hub上进行向量搜索的方法。对于不足10万行的小数据集,可以不使用索引,直接把Hub作为向量搜索后端。对于更大的数据集,则应使用vss扩展创建索引,在本地执行搜索,并把Hub作为存储后端。

进一步阅读

  • Hugging Face上的向量搜索
  • 使用DuckDB建立向量搜索索引

Update on GitHub

正文相关链接

来源与许可

原文:以 Hub 为后端的 Hugging Face 向量搜索。作者/维护者:Hugging Face Open-Source AI Cookbook贡献者。

Apache License 2.0。本页为中文翻译或中文整理,保留原始示例;措辞与排版有调整。

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