Airflow:回填历史运行

回填(Backfill)是为 DAG 的历史日期创建运行。Airflow 提供 CLI 和 REST API 来完成这项操作:指定 DAG、开始日期和结束日期后,Airflow 会按照 DAG 的调度规则,为该日期区间创建运行。

对于没有基于时间的调度规则的 DAG,回填没有意义。

控制数据重新处理

重新处理行为有三个选项:

  • none:如果该逻辑日期已有运行,无论状态如何,都不再创建。
  • failed:如果该日期已有运行且状态为失败,则创建新的运行。
  • completed:如果该日期已有运行且状态为已完成或失败,则创建新的运行。

并发控制

可以为一次回填设置 max_active_runs,限制该回填中同时执行的 DAG 运行数量。回填的 max_active_runs 独立于 DAG 自身的 max_active_runs 设置生效。

运行顺序

可以反向执行回填,也就是优先处理较新的运行。对应的 CLI 选项是 --run-backwards。

预演

回填的预演选项会打印出本次回填考虑创建运行的日期。真正执行回填时是否创建这些运行,取决于选择的重新处理行为,以及该范围内已有运行届时的状态。

示例

可以通过 CLI 或界面创建回填。

CLI 命令示例:

airflow backfill create --dag-id tutorial \
    --from-date 2015-06-01 \
    --to-date 2015-06-07 \
    --reprocess-behavior failed \
    --max-active-runs 3 \
    --run-backwards \
    --dag-run-conf '{"my": "param"}'

通过界面操作时,步骤如下:

  1. 进入 DAG 的详情页,点击 Trigger。
  1. 在弹窗中选择 Backfill。
  2. 填写表单:
  • Date range:设置回填窗口的 From 与 To 逻辑日期时间。
  • Reprocess behavior:选择 Missing Runs(缺失运行)、Missing and Errored Runs(缺失及出错运行)或 All Runs(全部运行)。
  • Max active runs:限制此次回填的并发运行数。
  • Run backwards:优先执行最近的时间区间。
  • Advanced Config:可选地提供 JSON 格式的 dag_run.conf。
  • 如果 DAG 已暂停,可以在同一窗口中通过 Unpause 恢复调度。
回填弹窗:浅色模式(官方原图)
回填弹窗:浅色模式(官方原图)

分区 DAG 的回填

对于使用分区时间表的 DAG,例如 CronPartitionTimetable,回填同样使用 --from-date 与 --to-date。Airflow 会自动识别 DAG 是否按分区调度,并将日期范围解释为分区日期范围,为窗口中的每个分区创建一次 DAG 运行。

例如,回填 2026-02-18 到 2026-02-20 的分区:

airflow backfill create --dag-id my_partitioned_dag \
    --from-date 2026-02-18 \
    --to-date 2026-02-20

并发仍通过通用的 --max-active-runs 选项控制。

来源:Apache Airflow 官方文档,读取版本 3.3.2。中文翻译;两个命令示例保留原文,未在本地执行。界面截图保留官方地址。版权所有:Apache Software Foundation;采用 Apache License 2.0。

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