模型蒸馏

模型蒸馏

本页通过示例介绍如何让 SentenceTransformer 模型更快、成本更低、体积更小。这些轻量模型在下游任务中能够达到原始模型性能的 97.5%~100%。

知识蒸馏

知识蒸馏是把教师模型的知识转移给学生模型的过程。它可以用于把句子嵌入扩展到新的语言,参见论文通过知识蒸馏使单语言句子嵌入支持多语言。传统用法则是用速度较慢但效果好的教师模型,训练运行速度更快的学生模型。

学生模型模仿教师模型,从而在保持较高速度的同时取得较好的效果。

知识蒸馏:教师模型与学生模型学习相近的句子嵌入

我们实现了两种构建学生模型的方案:

  1. model_distillation.py:使用 TinyBERT 或 BERT-Small 等轻量 Transformer 模型模仿较大的教师模型。训练使用 EmbedDistillLoss。它可以包含一个可学习的投影,因此教师和学生不必具有相同的嵌入维度。训练后,学生仍保留自身原有的较小输出维度。
  2. model_distillation_layer_reduction.py:从教师模型中仅保留某些层,例如只保留4层,并使用 MSELoss 训练。由于减少层数后的学生继承了教师的隐藏层宽度,因此不需要投影,输出维度保持一致,可作为同维度的直接替代。

第二种方案通常效果更好,因为它保留了教师模型的大部分权重。第一种方案则需要从头调整学生模型的全部权重。

速度与性能之间的取舍

更小的模型速度更快,但在下游任务中的效果通常会稍有下降。为了直观展示这种取舍,下面给出 stsb-roberta-base 模型采用不同层数时的原文结果:

层数 STSbenchmark 得分 性能变化 速度(V100 GPU,每秒句子数)
教师:12 85.44 – 2300
8 85.54 +0.1% 3200 (~1.4x)
6 85.23 -0.2% 4000 (~1.7x)
4 84.92 -0.6% 5300 (~2.3x)
3 84.39 -1.2% 6500 (~2.8x)
2 83.32 -2.5% 7700 (~3.3x)
1 80.86 -5.4% 9200 (~4.0x)

降维

预训练模型默认输出的嵌入维度为768(base 模型)或1024(large 模型)。但如果要存储数百万条嵌入,所需内存或存储空间就可能相当大。

dimensionality_reduction.py 展示了一个简单例子:使用主成分分析(PCA),把嵌入降低到所需维度。原文示例将768维降至128维,使存储需求缩减为原来的六分之一,STS benchmark 数据集上的得分仅由85.44小幅降至84.96。

这种降维方法很容易应用于已有模型。甚至可以降至32维,将存储需求缩减为原来的二十四分之一,此时得分降至81.82。

量化

量化模型使用整数而非浮点数执行部分或全部运算。这样既能得到更紧凑的模型,也能利用许多硬件平台上的高性能向量化运算。

对于在 CPU 上运行的模型,原文给出的结果是模型体积可缩小40%,推理速度也会提升;依 CPU 而异,提速幅度为15%~400%。原文同时注明,在该段写作时,PyTorch 尚不支持 GPU 上的模型量化。

示例参见 model_quantization.py。

来源:Sentence Transformers:Model Distillation,Nils Reimers 与项目贡献者。本文为中文翻译,保留原文结果及时间限定;四个官方示例文件的版本可能与文中历史性能数据不同。Copyright 2019 Nils Reimers。采用 Apache License 2.0。

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